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The Essence of the Yakuo Chapter
Concerning the general meaning of this chapter called the Yakuo, the Yakuo chapter is in the seventh volume and is the twenty-third of the twenty-eight chapters that make up the Lotus Sutra.
The first volume of the sutra contains two chapters, the Jo chapter and the Hoben chapter. The Jo chapter serves as an introduction to the entire twenty-eight chapters.
The eight chapters beginning with the Hoben chapter and continuing through the Ninki chapter are concerned primarily with clarifying how persons of the two vehicles can attain Buddhahood, and secondarily with clarifying how bodhisattvas and ordinary people can attain Buddhahood.
The following five chapters, consisting of the Hosshi, Hodo, Devadatta, Kanji and Anraku chapters, explain how the teachings set forth in the preceding eight chapters are to be carried out by ordinary persons in a latter age.
The ensuing Yujutsu chapter serves as an introduction to the Juryo chapter. The subsequent twelve chapters, numbering from the Fumbetsu kudoku chapter on, serve primarily to explain how the doctrines set forth in the Juryo chapter are to be carried out by ordinary persons in a latter age, and secondarily to explain how those set forth in the eight chapters from the Hoben chapter on are to be carried out. The Yakuo chapter, therefore, is a chapter that explains how one ought to carry out the teachings both of the eight chapters beginning with the Hoben chapter and of the Juryo chapter.
This chapter, the Yakuo, contains ten analogies, the first of which is the analogy of the great ocean. I will begin by explaining this analogy in outline form. In the southern continent of Jambudvipa there are 2,500 rivers; in the western continent of Goddniya there are 5,000 rivers. In all the four continents there are a total of 25,000 rivers. Some of these rivers are forty ri in length, some a hundred ri, some only one ri, one chu or one fathom. However, concerning the matter of depth, not one of these rivers can match the great ocean.
Among all the sutras, such as the Kegon; Agon, Hodo, Hannya, Jimmitsu, Amida, Nirvana, Dainichi, Kongonchi, Soshitsuji and Mitsugon sutras, all the sutras preached by Shakyamuni Buddha, all the sutras preached by Dainichi Buddha, all the sutras preached by Amida Buddha, all the sutras preached by Yakushi Buddha, and all the sutras preached by the various Buddhas of the three existences of past, present and future-among all these sutras, the Lotus Sutra stands foremost. Thus these other sutras are analogous to the large rivers, middle-sized rivers and small rivers, while the Lotus Sutra is analogous to the great ocean.
The ocean possesses ten virtues or outstanding characteristics in which it surpasses rivers. First of all, the floor of the ocean becomes increasingly deeper, which is not true of rivers. second, the ocean will not provide a resting place for a corpse, which is not true of rivers. Third, the ocean obliterates the names of the various rivers that flow into it, while rivers retain their names. Fourth, the water of the ocean has a single uniform taste, while this is not true of rivers. Fifth, the ocean contains various treasures that are not found in rivers. Sixth, the ocean is extremely deep, which is not true of rivers. Seventh, the ocean is boundless in breadth, which rivers are not. Eighth, the ocean houses creatures of great size, which is not true of rivers. Ninth, the ocean has tides that ebb and flow, but rivers do not. And tenth, the ocean absorbs the waters of torrential rains or huge rivers without ever overflowing, but this is not true of rivers.
The Lotus Sutra likewise has ten virtues, while the other sutras have ten faults. In the case of this sutra the benefits gained from it increase in depth and bounty, and they continue down to the fiftieth person who hears of it.1 In the case of the other Sutras, however, there is no benefit to be gained even by the first person who hears them, much less by the second, third or fourth person, and so on down to the fiftieth person.
Though rivers may be deep, their depth cannot match even the shallow places of the ocean. And though the various other sutras may claim that a single character or a single phrase of theirs or the ten meditations2 are capable of encompassing those who are suffering from the evil effects of the ten evil acts or the five cardinal sins, such benefits cannot match those gained by the fiftieth person who hears a single character or a single phrase of the Lotus Sutra and responds with joy.
In the case of the Lotus Sutra, just as the ocean will not provide a resting place for a corpse, so a person who slanders the Law by turning against the Lotus Sutra will be cast out by the sutra, even though in other respects he may be an individual of extreme goodness. And how much more so will this be true in the case of an evil person who, in addition to his other evil acts, slanders the Law! Though one may speak slanderously of the other sutras, if he does not turn his back upon the Lotus Sutra, he is certain to attain the Buddha way. But though he may put his faith in all the other sutras, if he turns his back upon the Lotus Sutra, he will invariably fall into the great citadel of the Avichi hell.
I move now to the eighth virtue of the ocean, the fact that it can house creatures of great size. And we find that in the ocean there are huge fish known as makara3? The place called the hell of incessant suffering measures eighty thousand yojana in total length and breadth. But when a person falls into the hell of incessant suffering by committing one of the five cardinal sins, this person alone is sufficient to fill it up completely. Thus we know that the inhabitants of this hell, persons who have committed one or more of the five cardinal sins, are beings of very great size.
In the other sutras, which we have likened to small rivers or large rivers, no makara fish are to be found. However, in the great ocean that is the Lotus Sutra, they do exist. And in like manner, the other sutras do not in fact state that persons who commit one or more of the five cardinal sins are capable of attaining the Buddha way. Or, even if the sutras do state this, in fact the true principle has yet to be revealed in them.
Therefore the Great Teacher T’ien-t’ai Chih-che, who had memorized all the sacred teachings of the Buddha’s lifetime, says in his commentary on the Lotus Sutra: "The other sutras merely predict Buddhahood for bodhisattvas but not for persons in the two vehicles. They predict Buddhahood merely for the good but not for the evil.... This sutra predicts Buddhahood for all living beings."4 But I will not go into details on this matter.
Second is the analogy of mountains. The sutra says that among the Ten Treasure Mountains and the other mountains, Mount Sumeru is foremost. The Ten Treasure Mountains are: first, Snow Mountain; second, Fragrant Mountain; third, Mount Khadira; fourth, the Mountain of Immortals and Sages; fifth, Mount Yugamdhara; sixth, Horse Ear Mountain; seventh, Mount Nimindhara; eighth, Mount Chakravdda; ninth, the Mountain of Past Wisdom; and tenth, Mount Sumeru.
The first nine of these ten mountains are analogous to the various other sutras, which are like ordinary mountains. Each of these mountains contains valuable resources. But Mount Sumeru contains numerous valuable resources, and hence in terms of resources is superior to them. For example, it is like Jambfinada gold,5 to which ordinary gold cannot compare.
The Kegon Sutra has its teaching that "the phenomenal world is created by the mind alone," the Hannya sutras have their eighteen kinds of non-substantiality; the Dainichi Sutra has its fivefold meditation for attaining Buddhahood, and the Kammuryoju Sutra has its doctrine of rebirth in the pure land. But the Lotus Sutra’s teaching of the attainment of Buddhahood in one’s present form surpasses all of these.
Mount Sumeru is golden in color. Every creature that comes to this mountain, whether ox or horse, human being or heavenly being, bird or any other being, inevitably loses its original color and takes on the golden color of the mountain. This is not true of any of the other mountains. In the same manner, the various other sutras, when placed beside the Lotus Sutra, lose their original color. They are like black objects that, when exposed to the light of the sun or the moon, lose their color. So the many-colored teachings regarding rebirth in another land or attainment of Buddhahood that are found in these other sutras, when exposed to the light of the Lotus Sutra, inevitably lose their meaning.
Third is the analogy of the moon. Among the various stars, some can light an area of no more than half a ri, some an area of no more than one ri, some an area of no more than eight ri or sixteen ri. But the moon can light an area of over eight hundred ri. Thus, although the various stars have their light, it cannot equal that of the moon.
Even if we were to assemble a hundred thousand ten thousand million stars, as well as all the stars from the world of the four continents, from a major world system, and from all the worlds of the ten directions, their light would not equal the light of a single moon. How then could the light of only one star equal the light of the moon?
Similarly, though we gather together all the various sutras, such as the Kegon Sutra, the Agon sutras, the Hodo, Hannya, Nirvana, Dainichi and Kammuryoju sutras, they could never equal even a single character of the Lotus Sutra.
Within the mind of all human beings there exist the three categories of illusions of thought and desire, of illusions innumerable as particles of dust and sand, and of illusions about the true nature of existence, as well as karma created by the ten evil acts and the five cardinal sins-all of which are like a dark night. The Kegon and the other various sutras are like stars in this dark night, while the Lotus Sutra is like the moon in this night. For those who have faith in the Lotus Sutra but whose faith is not deep, it is as though a half moon were illuminating that dark night. But for those who have profound faith, it is as though a full moon were illuminating the night.
On a night when there is no moon, but only the light of the stars, strong men or resolute individuals may walk abroad, but elderly people and women will find it impossible to do so. But when there is a full moon, even women and elderly people may walk about anywhere they please, proceeding to a banquet or going to meet others. Similarly, in the various sutras, it is said that bodhisattvas and ordinary persons of great capacity can attain enlightenment. But for persons of the two vehicles, ordinary persons, evil persons and women, or persons in a latter age who are elderly and lazy and do not observe the precepts, no assurance is given that they can ever attain rebirth in the pure land or achieve Buddhahood. This is not so of the Lotus Sutra, however. There even persons in the two vehicles, evil persons and women are assured of becoming Buddhas, to say nothing of bodhisattvas and ordinary persons of great capacity.
Again, the moon shines more brightly around dawn than it does in the early evening, and is more luminous in autumn and winter than in spring and summer. In a similar fashion, the Lotus Sutra is even more effective in bringing benefit to living beings in the Latter Day of the Law than it is during the two thousand years that make up the Former and Middle Days of the Law.
Question: What passages of proof can you offer?
Answer: The truth is plain to see. In addition, this chapter later states as follows: "After I have passed into extinction, in the last five-hundred-year period you must spread it [the Lotus Sutra] abroad widely throughout Jambudvipa and never allow it to be cut off."6 This passage from the sutra, which states that it must be widely spread throughout Jambudvipa, the southern continent, when two thousand years have passed, expresses the same meaning as the third analogy of the moon. The Great Teacher Kompon, also known as the Great Teacher Dengyo, was referring to this idea when he stated in his commentary: "The Former and Middle Days are almost over, and the Latter Day is near at hand. Now indeed is the time when the one vehicle expounded in the Lotus Sutra will prove how perfectly it fits the capacities of all people."7
The benefits conferred by the Lotus Sutra surpass those of the various other sutras even during the thousand years of the Former Day of the Law and the thousand years of the Middle Day of the Law. But when the spring and summer of the two thousand years of the Former and Middle Days are over, and the autumn and winter of the Latter Day of the Law have come, then the light of this moon will shine more brightly than ever.
Fourth is the analogy of the sun. When the moon appears in the sky where the stars are shining, although its light surpasses that of the stars, the stars do not actually lose their light. But when the sun appears, not only do the stars lose their light, but the moon, too, is deprived of its light and loses its glow.
The sutras preached before the Lotus Sutra are like the stars, the theoretical teaching of the Lotus Sutra is like the moon, and the Juryo chapter is like the sun. When the Juryo chapter makes its appearance, then the moon of the theoretical teaching cannot equal it, to say nothing of the stars that are the previous sutras.
During the night, the time of the stars and the moon, people do not pursue their occupations. But when dawn comes, they invariably go about their various tasks. Similarly, while the earlier sutras or the theoretical teaching of the Lotus Sutra prevails, it will be difficult for people to free themselves from the sufferings of birth and death. But once the Juryo chapter of the essential teaching makes its appearance, then people are certain to be able to free themselves from the sufferings of birth and death.
I will omit a discussion of the other six analogies.
In addition to these ten analogies, there are many other analogies employed in this chapter. Among them is that of a traveler who finds a ship when he wishes to make a crossing. The meaning of this analogy is that in the sea of the sufferings of birth and death, the sutras preached before the Lotus Sutra are like rafts or little boats. Although they can carry people from one shore in the realm of birth and death to another shore in that same realm, they are incapable of carrying them across the sea of birth and death to the distant shore of Perfect Bliss.8
These sutras are like the small boats of our world that can go from Kyushu to the Bando region, or from Kamakura to Enoshima,9 but cannot go as far as China. A China ship, on the other hand, is fully capable of going all the way from Japan to China without difficulty.
Again, there is the analogy that says, "like the poor finding riches." The lands represented by the sutras preached before the Lotus Sutra are impoverished lands and their inhabitants are like hungry spirits. The Lotus Sutra, on the other hand, is a veritable mountain of riches and its inhabitants are wealthy.
Question: When you say that the lands of the sutras preached before the Lotus Sutra are impoverished lands, what passage of scripture are you referring to?
Answer: The Juki chapter of the Lotus Sutra states: "Suppose that someone coming from a land of famine should suddenly encounter a great king’s feast."
Concerning rebirth in the pure land and the attainment of Buddhahood by women, a passage from the sutra has this to say: "If in the last five-hundred-year period after the Thus Come One has entered extinction there is a woman who hears this sutra and carries out its practices as the sutra directs, when her life here on earth comes to an end, she will immediately go to the world of Peace and Delight where the Buddha Amida dwells surrounded by the assembly of great bodhisattvas and there will be born seated on a jeweled platform in the center of a lotus blossom."10
Question: Why does this sutra and this chapter in the sutra, make a particular point of discussing rebirth in the pure land by women?
Answer: The Buddha’s intentions are difficult to fathom, and the significance of this matter is difficult to determine. But if I were to venture a guess, I would say that it is because women are looked upon as the root of various errors and the source of the downfall of the nation. Therefore, in both Buddhist and non-Buddhist scriptures, there are many prohibitions laid down with regard to women. Among these, for example, are the three obediences set forth in the non-Buddhist scriptures. The "three obediences" means to obey three times and refers to the fact that when a woman is young, she must obey her parents; when she marries, she must obey her husband; and in old age, she must obey her son. She is thus confronted with these three obstacles and cannot conduct herself freely in the world.
If we turn to the Buddhist scriptures, we find that they speak of the five obstacles. Of these five obstacles that confront women, the first is the fact that, in the course of being reborn again and again in the six paths, they cannot, like men, ever be reborn as the deity Daibonten. Second, they can never be reborn as Taishaku. Third, they cannot be reborn as a devil king. Fourth, they cannot be reborn as a wheel-turning king. And fifth, they must remain forever within the six paths, unable to emerge from the threefold world and become a Buddha. (This passage is found in the Chonichigatsu sammai Sutra.11) The Gonjikinyo Sutra has this to say: "Even if the eyes of the Buddhas of the three existences were to fall to the ground, no woman of any of the realms of existence could ever attain Buddhahood."12
Ordinary human beings though they are, worthy rulers and sages do not tell falsehoods. Thus Fan Ya-ch’i presented his head to Ching K’o, and Prince Chi-cha hung his sword on the grave of the Lord of Hso. They did these things so as not to go against their promises or be guilty of uttering falsehoods. And if such men do not utter falsehoods, how much more is this true of voice-hearers, bodhisattvas or Buddhas!
Long ago, when the Buddha was still an ordinary man and was practicing the teachings of the Hinayana sutras, he undertook to observe the five precepts. And among these five, the fourth is that one must never lie. He firmly observed this precept. Thereafter, even though it meant losing his property or his life, he never violated this precept.
When he was practicing the teachings of the Mahayana sutras, he observed the ten major precepts, and among these ten major precepts, the fourth is that one must never lie. He faithfully observed this precept without once violating it throughout countless kalpas, until in the end, through the power acquired by observing this precept, he was able to attain the body of a Buddha. And among the thirty-two features that distinguish the body of a Buddha, he was able to obtain that of a long and broad tongue.
This tongue of the Buddha’s is so thin and broad and long that it can be extended to cover his face or reach up to his hairline, or even to reach to the Brahma heaven. On this tongue are five figures that are like embossed designs, and the tongue is the color of copper. Underneath it are two jewels that emit amrita dew.
This tongue was obtained by virtue of the fact that the Buddha observed the precept against lying. And with this tongue he stated that, though the eyes of all the Buddhas of the three existences might fall to earth, no woman in all the realms of existence could become a Buddha. Thus we may suppose that no woman in any world whatsoever can ever hope to become a Buddha. And if so, then we must assume that, when one is born with the body of a woman, even if she should rise to the position of a queen or the consort of an emperor or an emperor’s mother or grandmother, it would not help her, and even if she should perform meritorious acts and practice the teachings of Buddhism, it would do no good.
Nevertheless, in this Yakuo chapter of the Lotus Sutra, the Buddha says that women may attain rebirth in the pure land. This is very strange indeed! Is the other sutra lying? Or is this sutra lying? However we look at it, we must suppose that one of them is lying. And if one of them is lying, then the same Buddha is saying two different things, which is very hard to believe.
However, in the Muryogi Sutra, the Buddha says: "In these more than forty years, I have not yet revealed the truth." And in the Nirvana Sutra he says: "Though the Thus Come One does not speak untruths, if I knew that by speaking falsely [I could help people gain the benefits of the Law, then for their sake I would go along with what is best and speak such words as an expedient means]."
In view of these passages, it would appear that the Buddha was speaking falsely when he declared that women cannot attain rebirth in the pure land and achieve Buddhahood. And if we consider the passages in the Lotus Sutra that state: "The World-Honored One has long expounded his doctrines and now must reveal the truth,"13 and "All that you have expounded [in the Lotus Sutra] is the truth," then we must conclude that those passages in the Lotus Sutra that declare that women can most assuredly attain rebirth in the pure land and achieve Buddhahood are true statements and expressions of his observance of the precept against lying.
There are times when a worthy man in secular society, because his son is behaving strangely or is guilty of some error, will declare that he is no longer his son. To prove the truth of the assertion, the man may even write out a vow or swear an oath. But when the time of his death approaches, he will forgive his son. Though he does these things, we do not deny that he is a worthy man or accuse him of speaking falsely. And the Buddha, too, at times acts in this same manner.
During the more than forty years when the earlier sutras were being preached, the Buddha acknowledged that bodhisattvas could attain the way, that ordinary persons could do so, and that good persons and men could do so, but he would not admit that persons in the two vehicles, evil persons or women could do so. There were times, however, when he did seem to admit the possibility. Therefore the truth of this matter remained undetermined. But when he had completed his first forty-two years of preaching, and he was ready to enter the eight-year period when he would preach the Lotus Sutra on Mount Gridhrakuta at Rajagriha in the kingdom of Magadha, he first of all preached the Muryogi Sutra. And in that sutra he stated: "In these more than forty years, [I have not yet revealed the truth]."14
Nichiren
Major Writings of Nichiren Daishonin, Vol. 7.
Designed by Will Kallander